{"id":29657,"date":"2019-03-05T14:36:50","date_gmt":"2019-03-05T13:36:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fibladi.com\/plus\/10-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%b9%d8%b8%d9%80%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%85%d9%80%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%80%d9%80%d8%b1-3\/"},"modified":"2019-03-09T17:16:50","modified_gmt":"2019-03-09T16:16:50","slug":"10-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%b9%d8%b8%d9%80%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%85%d9%80%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%80%d9%80%d8%b1-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fibladi.com\/plus\/10-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%b9%d8%b8%d9%80%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%85%d9%80%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%80%d9%80%d8%b1-3\/","title":{"rendered":"10 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0641\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u00bb
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0632\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

Des math\u00e9matiques \u00e0 la philosophie en passant par la m\u00e9decine ou encore la sociologie: l’histoire du monde musulman regorge de grands savants et autres penseurs qui ont r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 leurs disciplines, et le cours de l’humanit\u00e9. Portraits.<\/p>\n


\n\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0633 – \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631
\n(ABBAS IBN FIRNAS \u2013 L’homme volant)
\n\"ABBAS<\/strong><\/strong>
\n\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 810\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631. \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0626\u0630\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642… \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631.\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u062e\u064a\u0641 \u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00bb: \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 880 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u064470 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641. \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627.<\/p>\n

Si la litt\u00e9rature scientifique attribue \u00e0 Leonard De Vinci la paternit\u00e9 du planeur et de l’h\u00e9lice, on oublie que ce touche-\u00e0-tout s’est inspir\u00e9 des travaux de Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas. Celui qui est n\u00e9 en 810 dans la province de Malaga, en terre musulmane, a \u00e9t\u00e9 le premier \u00e0 entreprendre le projet fou de voler dans les airs tel un oiseau. V\u00eatu d’un manteau orn\u00e9 de plumes, il s’\u00e9lan\u00e7a du haut d’un minaret esp\u00e9rant planer… sans grand succ\u00e8s. Mais rien n’effraye l’Icare berb\u00e8re: en 880 et \u00e0 70 ans, il tente \u00e0 nouveau l’exp\u00e9rience, en utilisant des ailes confectionn\u00e9es avec du bois et recouvertes de plumes. Une fois outill\u00e9, il se lance du haut d’une tour, parvient \u00e0 planer quelque peu, et finit par se crasher. R\u00e9sultat des courses: deux c\u00f4tes cass\u00e9es, mais une exp\u00e9rience prometteuse. C’est comme cela que le premier planeur dans l’histoire de l’humanit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9, anc\u00eatre des Boeings et autres appareils \u00e0 h\u00e9lices qui nous permettent de voyager dans les airs aujourd’hui<\/p>\n


\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a – \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f
\n(AL KHAWARIZMI – Au commencement \u00e9tait le nombre)
\n\"AL<\/strong><\/strong>
\n\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u00a0\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647. \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u00a0\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0626 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0645. \u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n

Originaire d’Ouzb\u00e9kistan, son nom a donn\u00e9 naissance au mot \u00ab\u00a0algorithme\u00a0\u00bb. Celui que ses contemporains appelaient le p\u00e8re de l’alg\u00e8bre, en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 son ouvrage Kitab Al jabr w’al mouqabala, est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour son apport colossal aux math\u00e9matiques. On lui attribue notamment la transposition qui a caus\u00e9 bien des cauchemars aux petits \u00e9coliers soucieux de venir \u00e0 bout de leurs \u00e9quations. Il f\u00fbt aussi astronome et s’est m\u00eame essay\u00e9 \u00e0 l’astrologie \u00e0 ses heures perdues. Essais peu fructueux car dix jours apr\u00e8s avoir promis une longue vie au Calife, celui-ci d\u00e9c\u00e8de, faisant tomber \u00e0 l’eau sa carri\u00e8re de medium<\/p>\n


\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a – \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0631
\n(AL-RAZI \u2013 Docteur Mamour):
\n<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>\"AL-RAZI\"
\n\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a. \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647. \u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0637\u0641\u0647 \u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636<\/p>\n

Contrairement \u00e0 ce qui est admis, la m\u00e9decine exp\u00e9rimentale est n\u00e9e en terre d’Islam et non \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque de la Renaissance, soit sept si\u00e8cles plus t\u00f4t. Al-Razi, reconnu pour ses talents scientifiques et la rigueur de ses observations, a \u00e9t\u00e9 l’un des pionniers de la m\u00e9decine exp\u00e9rimentale. Contrairement aux pratiques alors utilis\u00e9es qui n\u00e9gligeaient la m\u00e9decine pr\u00e9ventive, Al-Razi a pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 s’appuyer sur l’analyse des sympt\u00f4mes et a accord\u00e9 une importance sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent \u00e0 l’entourage du malade et \u00e0 la psychologie de ce dernier dans le processus de sa gu\u00e9rison. R\u00e9put\u00e9 pour sa gentillesse et son grand humanisme, ce \u00ab\u00a0docteur Mamour\u00a0\u00bb des temps anciens a compris bien avant d’autres qu’un moral au beau fixe est une bataille \u00e0 moiti\u00e9 gagn\u00e9e contre la maladie<\/p>\n


\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a
\n(IBN KHALDOUN – Celui qui a inspir\u00e9 Auguste Comte)
\n<\/strong>\"\"<\/strong><\/strong>
\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1332\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 14\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 15 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0632\u0646\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1354. \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u00a0\u00bb\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u00bb \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

Lorsqu’on parle de sociologie, on a tendance \u00e0 citer Durkheim, Tocqueville ou encore Auguste Compte. Ceci dit, le r\u00e9el initiateur de cette discipline n’est autre que Ibn Khaldoun. N\u00e9 en 1332, ce natif de Tunis est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le pr\u00e9curseur de la sociologie moderne. Bien qu’issu d’une grande famille de notables, Ibn Khaldoun n’eut pas la vie rose tous les jours. Au milieu du 14\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, alors qu’il n’avait que 15 ans, ses parents meurent suite \u00e0 une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie de peste noire qui frappe la r\u00e9gion de Tunis. Apr\u00e8s ce triste \u00e9pisode, Ibn Khaldoun quitte Tunis pour F\u00e8s pour rejoindre le Conseil des Savants en 1354. Dans la foul\u00e9e, il commence \u00e0 \u00e9crire son \u0153uvre magistrale \u00ab\u00a0Al Muqaddima\u00a0\u00bb o\u00f9 il s’inspire de sa propre exp\u00e9rience pour tenter de d\u00e9terminer les causes de la mont\u00e9e et du d\u00e9clin des dynasties arabes<\/p>\n


\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u00a0\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a
\n(IBN SINA \u2013 Du moul l’hanout au bloc op\u00e9ratoire)
\n<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>\"ibnsina\"<\/p>\n

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Plusieurs rues et h\u00f4pitaux du royaume portent son nom, mais que savons-nous r\u00e9ellement de celui qui a r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 la m\u00e9decine m\u00e9di\u00e9vale? Ibn Sina ou Avicenne pour les Occidentaux, est n\u00e9 le 7 ao\u00fbt 980 \u00e0 Afsh\u00e9na, dans l’actuel Ouzb\u00e9kistan. L’auteur du Qan\u00fbn fut envoy\u00e9 d\u00e8s sa plus tendre enfance apprendre le calcul chez un \u00e9picier o\u00f9 il mit sa bonne m\u00e9moire et son don inn\u00e9 pour les math\u00e9matiques au service de son employeur. Quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard, il part \u00e9tudier \u00e0 Boukhara en Ouzb\u00e9kistan o\u00f9 il s’int\u00e9resse de plus pr\u00e8s \u00e0 la m\u00e9decine. Pr\u00e9coce, celui qui d\u00e9vorait les ouvrages de Galien et d’Aristote durant son adolescence enseignait son savoir \u00e0 des m\u00e9decins c\u00e9l\u00e8bres alors qu’il \u00e9tait \u00e2g\u00e9 de 16 ans \u00e0 peine. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses travaux, de nombreuses maladies furent diagnostiqu\u00e9es et trait\u00e9es, telles que la m\u00e9ningite ou encore le diab\u00e8te<\/p>\n


\n\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a – \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b
\n(\u00a0CHERIF EL IDRISSI \u2013 Le Trip Advisor des temps modernes)
\n<\/strong>\"idrissi\"<\/strong><\/strong>
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Cherif El Idrissi est l’un des pionniers de la g\u00e9ographie descriptive. Suite \u00e0 la demande du Roi de Sicile, ce natif de Sebta s’appuyait sur ses propres voyages pour d\u00e9crire l’Italie, l’Espagne et l’Afrique du Nord dans un ouvrage qu’il appela le \u00ab\u00a0Livre de Roger\u00a0\u00bb. Plus tard, il r\u00e9digea un ouvrage plus complet \u00ab\u00a0Rawd-Unnas wa-Nuzhat al-Nafs\u00a0\u00bb (\u00ab\u00a0Plaisir des hommes et joie de l’\u00e2me\u00a0\u00bb), une sorte de guide du routard avant l’heure, reprenant l’ensemble des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s g\u00e9ographiques mais aussi des us et coutumes locales<\/p>\n


\n\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u2013\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621
\n<\/strong>(JABIR IBN HAYYAN – L’alchimiste)
\n\"JABIR<\/strong>
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N\u00e9 en 721, celui qu’on appelle Geber en Occident, a fait passer la chimie d’un art occulte \u00e0 une discipline scientifique. Traduit en latin, ses trait\u00e9s \u00e9taient pendant longtemps la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour les alchimistes europ\u00e9ens. Il a devanc\u00e9 les pr\u00e9ceptes de la chimie moderne d’\u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s dix si\u00e8cles: le chimiste fran\u00e7ais Joseph Louis Proust et ses lois des proportions en sont l’exemple le plus notoire. On lui attribue par ailleurs l’invention de plusieurs outils de laboratoires utilis\u00e9s jusqu’\u00e0 aujourd’hui tels que l’alambic qui permet de faire des distillations<\/p>\n


\n\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f
\n<\/strong><\/strong>(IBN ROCHD \u2013 Le Commentateur)
\n<\/strong>\"IBN<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ibn Rochd ou Averro\u00e8s tel qu’il est connu en Europe, a v\u00e9cu entre l’Espagne et le Maroc. Surnomm\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0Le Commentateur\u00a0\u00bb par ses pairs, c’est son analyse des \u0153uvres d’Aristote qui le rendra c\u00e9l\u00e8bre en Occident. C’est aussi le \u00ab\u00a0p\u00e8re de la la\u00efcit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb car il tentera de s\u00e9parer raison et foi. Cela lui causa bien des ennuis tant de la part des chr\u00e9tiens que des musulmans: on le traita d’h\u00e9r\u00e9tique et ses livres furent br\u00fbl\u00e9s.<\/p>\n


\n\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 -\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631
\n<\/strong>(TAQI-AL-DIN – Viser la lune)<\/strong>
\n\"TAQI-AL-DIN\"<\/p>\n

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N\u00e9 \u00e0 Damas en 1526, Taqi-Al-Din s’est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 au domaine de l’astronomie et de la m\u00e9canique optique. C’est lui qui inventa la pompe \u00e0 eau, devan\u00e7ant ainsi les Europ\u00e9ens d’\u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s un si\u00e8cle. Il a aussi invent\u00e9 le t\u00e9lescope, permis la mise en place de la premi\u00e8re horloge-r\u00e9veil dans l’histoire, en 1556, et convaincu le sultan Morad III de construire un observatoire astronomique \u00e0 Istanbul pour concurrencer les observatoires europ\u00e9ens. Ce dernier fut n\u00e9anmoins d\u00e9truit quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite de l’arm\u00e9e ottomane<\/p>\n


\n\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646)
\n<\/strong>(ABU AL-QASIM AL ZAHRAWI – Le chirurgien qui s’entra\u00eenait sur des boucs (\u00e9missaires)<\/strong>
\n\"ABU<\/p>\n

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P\u00e8re fondateur de la chirurgie moderne, Al Zahrawi est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l’un des plus grands chirurgiens musulmans. Originaire de Cordoue, il \u00e9tait m\u00e9decin dans la cour du Calife Hakim II. Auteur d’une encyclop\u00e9die de 1500 pages o\u00f9 il a consign\u00e9 et illustr\u00e9 plus de 200 instruments chirurgicaux, il fut l’un des premiers savants \u00e0 exp\u00e9rimenter la m\u00e9decine sur le corps animal pour tester la viabilit\u00e9 des op\u00e9rations chirurgicales. Avenzoar, tel qu’il est appel\u00e9 en Europe, a aussi conduit des examens post-mortem sur des humains qui lui ont notamment permis de fournir une description d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du c\u0153ur. Plus important encore, il r\u00e9ussit \u00e0 confectionner \u00e0 partir de boyaux de chat un fil r\u00e9sorbable, tr\u00e8s pratique pour les sutures<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong>
\nhuffpostmaghreb.com
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

Achahed.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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